Selection is the stage of a genetic algorithm in which individual genomes are chosen from a population for later breeding (using the crossover operator).

A generic selection procedure may be implemented as follows:

The fitness function is evaluated for each individual, providing fitness values, which are then normalized. Normalization means dividing the fitness value of each individual by the sum of all fitness values, so that the sum of all resulting fitness values equals 1.
Accumulated normalized fitness values are computed: the accumulated fitness value of an individual is the sum of its own fitness value plus the fitness values of all the previous individuals; the accumulated fitness of the last individual should be 1, otherwise something went wrong in the normalization step.
A random number R between 0 and 1 is chosen.
The selected individual is the first one whose accumulated normalized value is greater than or equal to R.

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For many problems the above algorithm might be computationally demanding. A simpler and faster alternative uses the so-called stochastic acceptance.

If this procedure is repeated until there are enough selected individuals, this selection method is called fitness proportionate selection or roulette-wheel selection. If instead of a single pointer spun multiple times, there are multiple, equally spaced pointers on a wheel that is spun once, it is called stochastic universal sampling.Repeatedly selecting the best individual of a randomly chosen subset is tournament selection. Taking the best half, third or another proportion of the individuals is truncation selection.

There are other selection algorithms that do not consider all individuals for selection, but only those with a fitness value that is higher than a given (arbitrary) constant. Other algorithms select from a restricted pool where only a certain percentage of the individuals are allowed, based on fitness value.

Retaining the best individuals in a generation unchanged in the next generation, is called elitism or elitist selection. It is a successful (slight) variant of the general process of constructing a new population.

Methods of Selection (Genetic Algorithm)

MODULE – IV

Software Design: Design Concepts and Principles, Architectural Design, Object oriented Design, User interface design

UML: Class diagram, Sequence diagram, Collaboration diagram

MODULE – V
Verification and Validation: Verification and Validation Planning, S/W inspection, static analysis.
Software Testing : Testing functions, Test care design, White Box testing, Black box testing, Unit testing, Integration Testing, System testing, Reliability.
MODULE – VI
Management: SW cost estimation: Estimation techniques, Algorithmic cost modeling, Project duration and staffing.
Quality Management: Quality assurance and standards, Quality planning, Quality control.

MODULE – VII

Software Change: Program Evolution Dynamic, S/W Maintenance in detail.
Text Book:

Sommerville : Software Engineering, Pearson Education Publication, 7^th ed.

Reference Book:

R. S. Pressman: Software Engineering: A Practiioners Approach, 5^th Edn., TMA, New Delhi.
J. F. Peters & W. Pedrycz– Software Engineering, John Wiley & Sons,Inc. 2000
A.Behforooz & F.J. Hudson – Software Engineering Fundamentals, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 2000.

CS 6110 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LAB (Compulsory)
Pre-requisites: Programming skills
Type: Practical.
Course Assessment Methods: Progressive evaluation, Surprise test, End performance test, Viva-voice exam.
Course Outcomes: The expected outcomes are-

Students are expected to perform well in viva-voce/ sessional tests/ class assignments

examination.

Students are expected to understand SRS and improve their modeling and designing skills using UML diagrams.
Students are expected to learn forward and reverse engineering and apply the knowledge gained for their project work.
Students are expected to go through the websites for latest know-how related to the

subject.
Topics Covered: Preparation of SRS on given case study, Drawing DFD and ER Diagram, Drawing UML diagrams (Static and Behavioural),Forward and Reverse Engineering. (Using Rational Rose).
Text Book:

Jason T .Roff,UML :A begineer’s guide,TMH,N.Delhi,Ed:2012
M.Blaha,James Rumbaugh,Object Oriented Modeling and Design Using UML,PHI,New Delhi,Ed:2^nd,2006

CS 6011 COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA (Compulsory)

Pre-requisites: Data Structures and Programming skills
Type: Lecture.
Course Assessment Methods: Mid-semester exam, End-semester exam, Assignment/Quiz
Course Outcomes: Students will have the capability:

To perform visual computations for geometrical drawings.

To display 3D objects in a 2D display devices using various graphics data structures.
To model 3D objects.
To develop simple Graphical User Interface.
To implement the concept of graphics for different frameworks.
To explain the techniques behind various audio-video compression and de-compression, the

file formats and animation.
Topics Covered:
Module-I

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Introduction and Overview of Graphics Systems:- Use of Computer graphics, Video Display Devices, Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes, Raster and Random Scan Displays, Colour CRT Monitors, Direct View Storage Tubes, Flat Panel Displays, Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices, Stereoscopic & Virtual Reality Systems, Raster and Random Scan Systems, Different Input and Hard Copy Devices, Graphics Softwares.
Module-II
Output Primitives: - Points and Lines, Line Drawing Algorithms (DDA & Bresenham’s), Circle and Ellipse Generating Algorithms, Conic Sections.
Module-III
Two-Dimensional Geometric Transformations:- Different types of transformations and their matrix representations, Homogeneous Coordinates, Composite Transformations, transformations between Coordinate Systems, Affine transformations, Window-to-Viewport Coordinate transformation, Clipping-Point, Line, Polygon, Curve and Text Clipping.
Module-IV
Three-Dimensional Concepts and Object Representation:- Three Dimensional Display Methods, Polygon Surfaces, Curved Lines & Surfaces, Quadric Surfaces, Spline Representations, Cubic Spline interpolation methods, Bezier Curves and Surfaces.
Module-V
Three Dimensional Transformations and Viewing: Translation, Rotation, Scaling, Reflection, Shears, Composite Transformations, Projections- Parallel and Perspective, Projection Transformations, Clipping.
Module-VI
Visible Surface Detection Methods: Classification of Visible Surface Detection Algorithms, Back Face Detection, Depth Buffer Method, A-Buffer Method, Scan-Line Method, Depth Sorting Method, BSP-Tree Method & Area Subdivision Method. Polygon- Rendering Methods.
Module-VII
Introduction to Multimedia Systems Design:

An Introduction – Multimedia applications – Multimedia System Architecture – Defining objects for Multimedia systems – Multimedia Data interface standards – Multimedia Databases

Compression & Decompression – Data & File Format standards – Multimedia I/O technologies - Digital voice and audio – video image and animation – Full motion video – Multimedia Authoring & User Interface – Hypermedia messaging -
Text Book:

D. Hearn & M.P. Baker - Computer Graphics, 2/e , Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2005
Prabat K Andleigh and Kiran Thakrar, “Multimedia Systems and Design”, PHI, 2005

Reference Books:

W.M. Newman. et. al.- Principle of Interactive Computer Graphics, Mc Graw Hill Publication, New Delhi, 1995.
S. Harrington -Computer Graphics- A Programming Approach, Mc Graw Hill Publication, New Delhi, 1994.

Methods of Selection (Genetic Algorithm)

MODULE – IV

MODULE – VII

CS 6011 COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA (Compulsory)

Principles Of Soft Computing Sivanandam Deepa Ebook Pdf